Method of making electric conductor

ABSTRACT

A continuous method of making an electrical conductor or roving comprised of a conductive bundle of glass filaments, wherein the resistance of the roving is continuously monitored and controlled. The method includes heating the filament bundle on a drum having controllable heat elements, forming the conductive coating or surface, continuously measuring the electrical resistance of the filament bundle, comparing the actual resistance with a predetermined standard and controlling the heating elements in the drum to control the curing of the filament bundle.

United States Patent 11 1 Deardurff 1 METHOD OF MAKING ELECTRIC CONDUCTOR [75] Inventor: Lawrence R. Deardurft', Newark,

Ohio

[73] Assignee: Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation, Toledo, Ohio [22] Filed: June 17, 1974 [21] Appl. No.: 480,197

[52] US. Cl. 156/53; 117/216; 117/218; 156/56; 174/124 G [51] Int. Cl. 844d 1/18; HOlb 13/26 [58] Field of Search 156/53, 56; 117/216, 218; 174/124 G, DIG. 4

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,997,529 8/1961 Fink A. 174/D1G. 4

3,081,202 3/1963 Kemp 117/218 3,247,020 4/1966 Shulver et a1 H 117/216 1 1 June 17, 1975 3,265,808 8/1966 Binch 156/53 3,420,720 l/l969 Hillman t i v 1 156/56 3,577,309 5/1971 Pendleton ct a1 1 1 v v. 174/124 G 3,759,734 9/1973 Mendelsohn et al, 156/53 Primary E.raminerCameron K. Weiffenbach Attorney, Agent, or FirmCarl G, Staelin; John W. Overman; Raymond E. Scott [57] ABSTRACT A continuous method of making an electrical conductor or roving comprised of a conductive bundle of glass filaments, wherein the resistance of the roving is continuously monitored and controlled. The method includes heating the filament bundle on a drum having controllable heat elements, forming the conductive coating or surface, continuously measuring the electrical resistance of the filament bundle, comparing the actual resistance with a predetermined standard and controlling the heating elements in the drum to control the curing of the filament bundle.

4 Claims, 24 Drawing Figures PATENTEDJUH 17 ms 1890.1 79

CREEL DRUM FIGS. 2 a 3 FIGS. I8 TO 20 END COLLECTION. IMPREGNATION-OVERCOAT DIP.

FIGS. 2 a 3 FIGS. I6 TO 20 COATING. CUR

FIGS. 2 a 3 FIGS. I8 TO 20 STRAND COLLECTION. OUTER OVERCOAT DIP.

FIGS. 28 3 FIGS IBTUZO CURING. CURE.

FIGS. 4 a 5 FIGS. I8 T020 RIBBON BREAKING. RESISTANCE MONITORING.

FIGS. 7 TO IO FIGS. I4 8 I5 OVERWRAP. COLLECTION.

FIGS. I2 813 FIGS. I6 8 I7 RESISTANCE MONITORING.

FIGS. I4 8 I5 COLLECTION.

FIGS. I6 8 I? I 5 2-.

PATENTEDJUN 1 7 1915 SHEET FIG.

METHOD OF MAKING ELECTRIC CONDUCTOR FIELD OF THE INVENTION The conductor made by the method of this invention is particularly suitable for high temperature and service applications which require uniform conductance. such as an automotive spark ignition cable. The method of making an electric conductor of this invention permits the use of a continuous high speed line and results in an improved product which has uniform electrical resistance. US. Pat. No. 3,247,020 of Shulver et al., assigned to the Assignee of the instant application, describes a method of applying an electrically-conductive coating to the outer surface of glass fibers. In the method disclosed in the Shulver patent, the ends of glass strands are collected from a creel, dipped in a thermally curable liquid dispersion of electricallyconductive particles and cured on a heated drum. The Shulver patent discloses various conductive coatings and suitable compositions for the liquid dispersion and is incorporated herein by reference. The conductive roving is then collected in the Shulver patent on a takeup roll or reel. The method of this invention is particularly adapted to improving the method disclosed in the Shulver patent.

Further, as disclosed in a copending application for United States patent assigned to the Assignee of the instant application. Ser. No. 322,31 I, filed Jan. 10, 1973 and incorporated herein by reference, the problems of electrical interference with communications has resulted in certain government standards applicable to automotive ignition cables and the like. For example, the temperature within an automobile hood has increased steadily, due to larger horsepower engines and emission control devices, requiring greater temperature service capabilities for all engine components, including ignition cables. These requirements have created an urgent need for ignition cables and the like having high temperature service capabilities and a uniform conductance and resistance throughout its length, which are met by the electrical conductor made by the method of the present invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The method of this invention is particularly adapted to produce an electrical conductor having uniform re sistance along its length and uniform conductance between the core and a semi-conductive overcoat. The conductor includes an electrically conductive core comprised of a bundle of electrically conductive glass fibers. The conductive core is retained in a cylindrical bundle by an overwrap comprising one or more spirally wound elements, preferably of a nonconductive material, such as glass. Finally, the conductive core is encased in an overcoat, preferably of a semi-conductive material such as a suspension of conductive particles in polytetrafluoroethylene. The above referenced copending application describes the advantages of the semi-conductive overcoat, including the elimination of stray radiation, the ease of stripping, temperature service capabilities and the preferred low coefficient of friction.

The method disclosed herein optimizes the advantages of the conductor disclosed in the above referenced copending application. The dimensions of the conductor are accurately controlled, including the diameter of the cylindrical core or roving and the semiconductive overcoat. Uniform resistance is assured by constant monitoring and control during the process. Uniform conductance between the core and the overcoat is controlled by first impregnating the conductive roving and then encasing the roving and overwrap. For example. the method of this invention may he used to produce an electrical conductor having a uniform resistance of 4,000 i 500 ohms per foot. Further, the method of this invention may be continuous, at relatively high speeds as compared with the prior art.

Specifically, the method of this invention relates to the control of the electrical resistance of the conductor. As described, a primary object of the present invention is to produce a conductive roving having uniform resistance along its length within relatively narrow limits. In the method of this invention, the resistance of the filament bundle is continuously monitored and controlled by controlling the degree of curing.

The disclosed method includes coating a bundle of glass filaments with a thermally curable liquid dispersion of conductive particles. the electrical resistance of the bundle being determined by the degree of curing of the coating. The bundle is normally coated with the thermally curable liquid by dipping in a tank or the like. The method ofthis invention includes the steps of thermally curing the filament bundle. continuously monitoring the resistance of the bundle and varying the extent of curing in accordance with the monitored resistivity to maintain the resistance of the cured filament bundle constant.

In the preferred method, the bundle of filaments are cured on heated drums having controllable heating elements located within the drums. The resistivity of the bundle is continuously monitored and the resistance is compared with a predetermined standard. If, for example, the resistance is greater than the predetermined standard or range, the temperature of the drums is increased, lowering the resistance of the filament bundle to within the accepted range. Alternatively, the resistance may be reduced by lowering the temperature of the drums.

The resistance of the conductive filament bundle is monitored by continuously conducting a current along a predetermined length of the thermally cured bundle, continuously measuring the voltage drop across the predetermined length of filaments and continuously comparing the voltage drop with the desired standard. The extent of curing is then controlled where the voltage drop varies from the desired standard.

The preferred method of curing includes the steps of wrapping the coated filament bundle in a plurality of passes about a plurality of spaced curing rolls or drums, tensioning the bundle sufficiently to flatten the filaments into a ribbon-like configuration in good thermal contact with each of the curing rolls. As described, the rolls or drums are heated to cure the thermally curable liquid dispersion. The filament bundle in the preferred embodiment of the method is spirally wrapped with an additional strand or yarn into a cylindrical form, prior to monitoring the resistance.

Other advantages and meritorious features of this invention will be more fully understood from the following description of the preferred methods and the drawings, a description of which follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. I is a flow chart showing one method of this invention for making an electrical conductor;

FIG. 2 is a top elevation. partially schematic. showing a dipping station for applying a thermally curable liquid dispersion of conductive particles to the roving;

FIG. 3 is a side view. partially cross-sectioned. of a dipping station shown in FIG. 2'.

FIG. 4 is a side elevation of a curing station;

FIG. 5 is a side elevation of FIG. 4, partially sche matic FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view ofthe conductive roving of FIG. 4 in the direction of view arrows 66;

FIG. '7 is a partial side elevation of a breaking station which may be used in the method of this invention;

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view ofthe conductive roving shown in FIG. 7 in the direction of view arrows 8-8;

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of the conductive roving in the direction of view arrows 9-9 of FIG. 7;

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the breaker apparatus shown in FIG. 7. in the direction of view arrows 10-");

FIG. I] is a cross-sectional view of FIG. I0. in the di rection of view arrows IIII;

FIG. [2 is a side elevation. partially cross-sectioned of an overwrap winding station;

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 12 in the direction of view arrows l3I3;

FIG. 14 is a side elevation. partially schematic, of a resistance monitoring station;

FIG. 15 is a partial top elevation of FIG. 14;

FIG. 16 is a side elevation of a winding station;

FIG. I7 is a top elevation of FIG. 16;

FIG. 18 is a side elevation. partially cross-sectioned of an overcoat dipping and curing station;

FIG. 19 is a perspective top elevation. partially schematic. of FIG. I8;

FIG. 20 is an enlarged view of a sizing and wiping die used in the apparatus of FIGS. 18 and 19;

FIG. 21 is a perspective end view of an electrical conductive formed by the method of this invention;

FIG. 22 is a partially schematic side elevation of another embodiment of the method of this invention;

FIG. 23 is a side elevation. partially cross-sectioned, of another embodiment of an overwrap winding station; and

FIG. 24 is a top perspective view of another embodiment of an electrical conductor formed by the method of this invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED METHODS OF THIS INVENTION FIG. 1 illustrates one continuous method of this in vention for making an electric conductor, wherein a plurality of glass strands are collected from a creel, coated with a thermally curable liquid dispersion of electrically conductive particles and cured. preferably on heated rotating drums, forming the electrically con ductive roving or group of strands into a flattened ribbon. The ribbon may then be pulled through a breaker, which breaks the bond between the strands. reforming the ribbon into a cylindrical roving and applying a false twist to the roving. The roving is then bound in the cylindrical form with a spiral overwrap or the overwrap may be applied directly to the flattened ribbon which LII reforms the ribbon into the cylindrical roving. The electrical resistance of the overwrapped roving is pref erably continuously monitored. which resistance is a function of the curing of the strand coating and therefore the temperature ofthe heated drums. An error signal may thus be produced at the monitoring station. which is used to control the temperature of the drums. thereby controlling the critical resistance ofthe electri cal conductor formed by the method of this invention. By this method. the electrical resistance ofthe conductor may be accurately controlled within relatively narrow limits. The conductor may then be collected on a suitable drum in a collection station for later use.

The electrical conductor is then impregnated with an overcoat material. preferably a semi-conductive material such as a liquid dispersion of carbon particles in tetral'luoroethylene. The impregnated roving is then partially cured, dipped again in the overcoat material and finally cured. In the preferred method, the resistance of the semi-conductive overcoat material is monitored in a second resistance monitoring station and finally the electric conductor is collected on a drum or the like. The electrical resistance of the semiconductive over coat is a function of the percent of conductive particles. such as carbon. in the overcoat material and therefore the resistance may be controlled during the continuous operation by increasing or decreasing the percentage of conductive particles. The method steps shown in the flow chart of FIG. I refer to the Figures of this application wherein the method steps are disclosed in detail. As will be described herein. the method steps of this invention may be combined and modified in various ways to make an electrical conductor or cable and FIG. I illustrates only one such combination.

FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate one method ofcollecting and coating the glass strands utilized in the method of this invention. The method of this invention is particularly concerned with the manufacture of an electrical conductor having a cylindrical core or roving comprised of a plurality of glass strands which are initially nonconductive. such as described in the above referenced United States patent of Shulver et al. The strands may be formed of any suitable material. such as E Glass disclosed in US. Pat. No. 2,333,96l assigned to the Assignee of the instant application. A strand is defined for the purpose of this application as a bundle or plurality of glass filaments.

In FIG. 2, the strands 42 are collected from a creel 40 having a plurality of rolls 44. A suitable creel is disclosed in the above referenced United States patent of Shulver et al. A plurality of strands 42 are then collected in an eye 48. In the method of FIGS. 2 and 3, six sets of ten strands are collected in eyes 48 and dipped in a thermally curable liquid dispersion of conductive particles. as described. The non-conductive groups of strands'46 are then passed beneath dipping roller 52 in tank 50. The wetted strands are then passed between the pressure or squeeze rollers 54 and are finally collected in the form ofa roving 76 in wiping die 56. In the disclosed method. a roving is a group of strands which forms the core of the electric conductor. A roving may also be formed of a grouping or bundle of individual glass filaments.

The thermally curable liquid dispersion of conductive particles enters the tank 50in the disclosed apparatus through inlet pipe 58 from reservoir 60. The tank includes a bottom wall 62, side walls 64 and one end wall 66. The tank end 68 is open to permit continuous flow of the liquid dispersion and prevent settling of the conductive particles. The liquid dispersion used in the dip tank 50 of FIGS. 2 and 3 is preferably relatively vis cous, such that the liquid collects on the bottom of the tank and flows out of the open end 68 into a funnelshaped trough or collector 70. The collector includes side walls 72 and a return line 74 to the reservoir 60. The flow of liquid is controlled such that the level is above the bottom of the dip roller 52 and below the level of the wiping die 56 and the level of the strands 46, between the pressure rollers 54. The wiping die has a predetermined size opening, wiping the excess of fluid from the roving 76, referred to herein as a roving and later as the core of the electrical conductor made by the method of this invention. A suitable size for the opening of the wiping die 56, wherein sixty strands are collected in the die, is 0.065 inches. The number of strands will of course depend upon the particular application for the conductor, however a suitable roving 76 has sixty glass strands. each strand having a diameter of abut 0.005 inches. Various thermally curable liquid dispersions of conductive particles may also be utilized in the method of this invention, such as disclosed in the above referenced United States patent of Shulver et al. For example, a dispersion of particles of graphite in a water soluble thermosetting resin may be used having 7 to l2% by weight solids, preferably graphite. The resin serves as a binder for the graphite particles and adheres to the strands. As described in the Shuler et al patent, the coating may be carbonizable, pyrolizable or caramelizable. As used herein, a thermally curable liquid dispersion of conductive particles refers to a liquid which may be cured to provide an electrically conductive roving as described in the Shulver patent. One preferred method of drying the roving 76 and forming the electrically conductive core is disclosed in FIGS. 4 and 5.

As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the roving 76 is initially generally cylindrical because the aperture in the wiping die 56 is cylindrical. The wetted roving is then tensioned about a pair of heated rotating drums 80. In FIG. 5. the roving takes ten passes over the drums. The drums 80 are supported for rotation on shafts 82 which are connected to motor 86 by a suitable drive means 84. The drive shafts 82 are supported in suitable support blocks 90.

The drums 80 in FIGS. 4 and 5 are electrically heated by "Chromalon electric heater elements 92 which are enclosed heating elen ents, such as sold by E. L. Wiegand Division of Emerson Electric Company. Each of the drums in the disclosed embodiment includes seven heater elements which are individually controlled to heat the drums as described below. The roving is preferably tensioned around the drums, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 and the drums pull the roving through the dip tank 50 in FIGS. 2 and 3. The heated drums dry the roving, and bake the electrically conductive coating. As described in the above reference United States patent of Shulver et al. the coating applied in the dip tank 50 may be carbonizable, pyrolizable or caramelizable,

wherein an increase in heat lowers the electrical resistance of the conductive roving. The electrical resistance of the roving may thereby be controlled by controlling the temperature of the heated drums as will be described hereinbelow. The temperature of the drums is normally maintained between about 650 and l,l00F.

As described above, the conductive roving is preferably tensioned about the drums and the rotating drums pull the roving through the dip tank. The tension in the roving thereby flattens the roving into a ribbon 76B as shown in FIG. 6. The flattening of the ribbon improves the thermal contact between the roving and the heated drums, reducing the required number of passes of the ribbon around the drums and therefore the time of curing. The roving is thereby worked into the flattened ribbon 76B shown in FIG. 6, however in the preferred embodiment of the electrical conductor made by the method of this invention, the conductive roving or core of the electrical conductor is cylindrical as described hereinbelow. As shown in FIG. 5, the rotational axis of the drums 80, as defined by the drive shafts 82, have converging axes, such that the ten sioned roving normally slides sideways toward the end of the drums as the roving is pulled into the next sta' tion. By this method, the roving is received around the drums at one end and is removed after several passes from the opposed ends without requiring a guide means or the like. The drums may therefore have a smooth surface providing excellent thermal conductivity. One method of reforming the flattened ribbon of conductive fibers into a cylindrical roving is shown in FIGS, 7 to 11, which is referred to as the breaker stations.

The breaker assembly includes a drive 102 having a driven shaft or spindle 104 interconnected to a motor 106 through belt 108 and pulleys I10 and 112. The spindle 104 includes a breaker insert 114 which rotates with the spindle and is secured thereto by a suitable set screw 116 or the like.

The breaker insert 114 includes a configured orifice or opening 118 which receives the flattened ribbon 76B and reforms the strands into a cylindrical roving as described below. The insert opening ll8 includes a conical inlet 120 and a smaller diameter conical outlet 122, as shown in FIG. 11. The configured opening 118 of the insert 114 is preferably elongated, as shown in FIG. I0, having a width x less than the width a of the flattened ribbon, as shown in FIG. 8. The length y of the opening is greater than the width 0 of the ribbon. As shown, the width x of the opening is greater than the thickness b of the ribbon. In the example thus far described. the ribbon may have a width 0 of 0.065 inches and a thickness of 0.041 inches. A suitable insert opening would then have a length y of 0.125 inches and a width x of 0.055 inches. The corner radiuses may be 0.025 inches for example.

As described above, the insert 114 rotates with the spindle I04 and the flattened ribbon is drawn through the opening 118 of the insert. The rotating orifice will thus break the bond between the individual strands and reform the strands into a cylindrical roving as shown at 76C in FIG. 9. Further. the elongated opening will apply a false twist to the roving, downstream of the breaker insert, closely packing the strands in the roving. The necessity of a breaker will then depend upon the strength of the bond between the individual strands, which is formed during the curing of the conductive coating upon the heated drums shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. In the preferred embodiment of the method of this invention, the strands of the conductive roving are bound by a spirally wound overwrap, which is sufficient in many applications to reform the flattened ribbon into a cylindrical bundle. The breaker however has important advantages in the method of this invention, including the application of a false twist which closely packs the strands in the cylindrical bundle, as described. The breaker should however be considered optional in the overall method, although important to the method of this invention.

FIGS. 12 and I3 illustrate one method of applying the overwrap which binds the conductive strands into a cylindrical roving, which forms the conductive core of the electrical conductor of this invention. Alternative methods will be disclosed in the descript on of FIGS. 21 to 23. In the overwrap winding station 130, shown in FIGS. l2 and 13, the conductive roving bundle 76C is received in a stationary hood or shroud 132. The hood shown in FIG. 12 is cup-shaped and prevents transient air currents from disturbing the winding oper ation described below. In certain applications therefore the preferred hood may be eliminated. Inside the hood is a rotating bobbin or spool 134 having yarn or a strand of a non-conductive fiber 136 wound thereon. A suitable yarn would be a continuous twisted strand of fiber glass, such as E Glass described above. The bobbin includes opposed rims 138 which retains the yarn on the bobbin and the bobbin is secured to a hollow drive shaft or spindle 140 for rotation therewith. The drive shaft is connected through a suitable bearing 139 in support 141 to motor 142 by belt 144 and pulleys 146.

In the disclosed embodiment, the bobbin 134 is hollow as shown in FIG. 13, wherein the rims I38 are con nected to the drive shaft 140 by a plurality of fins 150. The fins 150 may generate further air currents in the hook 132 and aid in the control of the ballooning yarn I62 as will now be described. The rotating bobbin gen crates air currents indicated by the arrow 160 which enters the hood, circulates over the bobbin and lifts the ballooning yarn as shown. The conductive roving 76C is pulled through the axial bore 140 of the bobbin and the yarn is wound under tension on the roving, as shown at 164 in FIG. 12. As described, the bobbin is rotating at a sufficient speed to throw the yarn centrifugally, preferably in an unconfined balloon 162 having its free end adhered to the roving. The centrifugal force of the balloon is thus used to wind the yarn on the roving under sufficient tension to bind the roving into a cylindrical form. In the disclosed embodiment, the fins 150 may further generate air currents which pass through the bobbin and direct the currents within the hook 132 as shown. The yarn in this embodiment of the overwrap station may be further given a twist as it unwinds from the bobbin and is spirally wound under tension the conductive roving. The twist will depend upon the rotational speed of the bobbin and the speed of the line. In another application of the method of this invention, the yarn is wound on the roving prior to receipt in the bobbin, as will be described in regard to FIG. 23. In the method disclosed in FIG. I, the electrical resistance of the overwrapped conductive roving 76D is then continuously monitored to control the curing of the electrically conductive surface. such as by the method disclosed in FIG. 14 and IS.

A suitable resistance monitoring station 170 is shown in FIG. 14, wherein the conductive roving 76D is directly in line with the overwrap winding station or set up as a separate station including feed drum 172. It will be understood that the preferred method of this invention is continuous.

The resistance monitoring station includes a pair of spring biased electrically conductive rollers I74 and 176 which tension the conductive roving 76D between the rollers for more accurate measurement of the resistance. The rollers are each mounted on a shaft 178, as shown in FIG. 15, which are rotatably received in opposed spring biased mounting blocks 180. The mounting blocks are each slidably supported on shafts I82 having a helical spring 184 biased between the mounting blocks I82 and a collar 186. A top collar I88 retains the blocks on the shafts 178. The pulleys I74 and 176 are thus continuously biased against the conductive roving 76D, tensioning the roving between the pul leys and accurately controlling the distance between the points of contact between the pulleys and the rov ing, as will be described more fully below. In the disclosed embodiment, the support shafts 178 are connected to and supported by a suitable support 190 by connectors 192, such as nuts, collars, etc.

The pulleys are formed of a conductive material and have in the disclosed embodiment an integral metal hub 194. The hubs thereby provide a direct electrical connection to the conductive roving 76D through pulleys 174 and 176. Electrical connectors 196 are secured to each mounting block 180, to move with the pulleys and include an electrical contact brush 197 which electrically contacts the integral hub 194 of each pulley. The connectors are connected by wires or ca bles 198 and 200 to a monitor 202 shown schematically in FIG. l4. The monitor includes a standard recording ohm meter, such as sold by Esterline-Angus Company, Model A601C. As will be understood by one skilled in the art, the recording ohm meter is then connected to limit control switches, which in turn are connected through relays to the heater elements 92 shown in FIG. 4. A voltage is then impressed by electrical connector 196, through wire 198, to pulley I74 and the resistance drop of the length of conductive roving 76D across the pulleys is measured and recorded by the ohm meter of monitor 202. This is compared with a standard. As described above, if the resistance is below a predeter mined minimum, the temperature of the drums in FIGS. 4 and 5 is automatically increased, lowering the resistance ofthe conductive roving. If the measured resistance is greater than a predetermined maximum, the temperature is decreased, which will increase the resistance of the conductive roving. The temperature of the drums is controlled by the heating elements 92 which are electrical heating elements located within the drums as described above. When the temperature of the drums is to be increased, for example, a limit switch is closed, closing appropriate relays which actuates additional heating elements within the drums. The electrical control is available commercially.

The method of controlling the electrical resistance of the roving then includes l thermally curing the conductive coating, as by winding the roving on the heated drums 80 in FIGS. 4 and S, (2) continuously monitoring the resistance of the roving, as shown in FIG. 14 and (3) controlling the curing, as by continuously con trolling the temperature of the drums. In the method disclosed above, the strands 46 are coated with a thermally curable dispersion of conductive particles, however as described above, the coating may be carbonizable, pyrolizable or caramelizable. In the method of monitoring the resistance of the roving shown in FIG. 14, the spacing between the rollers 174 is accurately controlled, such that the resistance of a predetermined length of roving is continuously monitored. For example, the distance between the contacting points of the rollers may be accurately controlled to one foot, such that the resistance of a one foot length of conductive roving is continuously measured and compared to a predetermined resistance, which is the desired resistance of the electrical conductor. The disclosed method of monitoring the resistance of the roving then includes (1) continuously conducting a current along a predetermined length of the thermally cured strands, (2) continuously measuring the voltage across the predetermined length and (3) continuously comparing the voltage drop with the desired voltage drop. Finally, the extent of curing of the strands is varied when the volt age drop varies from the desired resistance by controlling the temperature of the drums. As described above, this is accomplished continuously and automatically by activating the heating elements 92 within the heat drums.

The electrically conductive roving may then be wound on a drum 204 and stored for later use in the method of making an electrical conductor of this invention, or used in other applications. A suitable winding station 210 is shown in FIGS. 16 and 17. In the dis closed embodiment of the winding station, the conductive roving 76D is received around driven pulleys 212 and 214, providing a capstand type pulling action, tensioning the conductive roving. The pulleys are drivably mounted on drive shafts 216 and 218, respectively. The drive means including motors, pulleys. etc. are located within housing 219.

The conductive roving is then fed onto the take-up drum 226 through a conventional traverse 220 mounted on shaft 222 and guide key 224. A suitable winding station is available from Davis Electric Company.

In the continuous method of this invention shown in FIG. I, the winding station pulls the conductive roving against the tension of the drums 80 in FIGS. 4 and 5, providing a relatively high speed continuous process of making a conductive roving. Further, in the method disclosed in FIG. I, a semi-conductive overcoat may then be applied by the method shown in FIGS. 18 to 20, as described below.

In the overcoat station 234 shown in FIGS. I8 and 19, the conductive roving 76D is received from a feed drum 238, over pulley 240 and into dip tank 236. In the preferred method of the invention, the tank 236 contains a liquid polymeric dispersion of conductive particles, such as more fully disclosed in the copending ap plication for United States patent assigned to the Assignee herein, Ser. No. 322,311, filed .Ian. 10, I973, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,818,412. The semi-conductive material disclosed in such application, which is incorporated herein by reference, comprises a suspension of fine conductive powders, preferably graphite or carbon, in polytetrafluoroethylene. Tetrafluoroethylene is available commercially from E. I. duPont de Nemours Company under the tradename TEFLON. The graphite carbon particles are added to the Teflon as a dispersion, which may also include a filler, such as a silicate, wetting agents, etc. A suitable graphite dispersion, for example, includes 100 parts by weight tetrafluor' oethylene as received, 27.3 parts by weight graphite and 62.7 parts by weight water.

The conductive roving 76D is first impregnated with the semi-conductive fluid as shown in FIGS. 18 and 19 by dip pulley 242. The impregnated conductive roving 76E is then partially cured in furnace 246. The roving enters the furnace through opening 244 and leaves the furnace through exit 248. The partially cured roving is cooled in this embodiment of the method outside the furnace, being received around pulleys 250, 252 and 254. The impregnated roving is then dipped in the tank 236 around dip pulley 256 and cured in furnace 246. In the disclosed embodiment, the overcoated roving 76F is disposed around pulley 258 located within the furnace and out of the furnace, around pulley 260. The semi-conductive overcoat is thus fully cured within the furnace.

In the disclosed embodiment of the dip tank 236, wiping and sizing dies 262 and 264 receive the conduc tive roving as it leaves the tank. Details of the sizing die 262 are shown in FIG. 20, which includes an annular die member 266 and a wire frame 268. The die member 266 is loosely received on the conductive roving and normally rests upon the spaced parallel lower frame fingers or arms 272. When an agglomeration of fluid collects on the roving, the die member will lift from the lower arms to engage the resilient upper arms 272, removing the accumulation of fluid from the roving and simultaneously sizing the coating. The diameter of the die opening 274 will depend upon the particular application. For example, in the embodiment of the electrical conductor disclosed above, a suitable die opening for the first die is 0.060 inches, wherein the roving has been impregnated with the semi-conductive overcoat material. The second die would then be 0.065 inches, which sizes the overcoat.

The electrical conductor 280 in FIG. 21, formed by the method of this invention as described above, then includes an electrically conductive roving 282 compris ing a plurality of conductive strands, a spiral overwrap 284 of a non-conductive yarn or strand and preferably a semi-conductive overcoat 286. As described in the above referenced copending application, the overwrap 284 is preferably a distinct winding or windings, rather than a braid, which provides uniform spacing between the windings. The spacing is accurately controlled and the overwrap is wound under tension, such as tension of 50 grams, to secure the conductive roving in a uniform cylindrical bundle. The electrical conductor formed by the method of this invention has a uniform cross-section and the overwrap provides a uniform conductance between the roving 282 and the semiconductive overcoat 286. In the preferred method of forming the overcoat 286, the roving is first impreg nated with the semiconductive material, filling the nonconductive spaces between the non-conductive yarn and the individual strands of the roving 282. Finally, a uniform layer or overcoat 286 is formed over the impregnated roving providing the preferred uniform conductance between the semi-conductive overcoat and the conductive roving. This is particularly important where a uniform resistance is to be obtained in the electrical conductor, which is a primary object of the method of this invention.

In the method disclosed in FIG. 1, the resistance of the semi-conductive overcoat 286 is monitored continuously in a monitoring station, such as shown at in FIG. 14. In the second monitoring station however the monitor 202 is a recording ohm meter and the resistance is compared with an acceptable standard. Where the resistance is too high. the weight percent of conductive particles is increased in the dip tank 236, reducing the overcoat resistance to the desired value. Where the resistance is too low. the weight percent of the binder is increased. Finally, the electrical conductor formed by the method of this invention may be wound on a drum at a second winding station. which may be similar to the winding station shown at 210 in FIGS. 16 and 17.

FIG. 22 illustrates an alternative method of forming a conductive roving. Some of the apparatus may be identical to the apparatus previously described, set forth below. In the method shown in FIG. 22, the strands 302 are collected in an eye 304 to form a plurality of strands 306, as described in regard to FIGS. 2 and 3. The strands are then dipped in a thermally curable liquid dispersion of conductive particles at dipping station 308 and collected in a single roving or core as described above. The roving is then cured at curing station 312 on rotating drums 310 as described above in regard to FIGS. 4 and 5. The roving 309 now has been flattened into a ribbon as shown at 76B in FIG. 6. In this embodiment of the method. the breaking station has been eliminated and the conductive roving is reformed into a cylindrical roving or core in the overwrap winding stations 314 and 316.

As described above, the overwrap is wound on the roving under tension and may be utilized to reform the roving into a cylindrical core. In this embodiment of the method. two non-interwoven windings are used to securely retain the conductive roving in a cylindrical bundle of uniform cross-section. 318 designates the roving with a single winding and 320 designates the roving with a double winding.

The second winding station 316 differs from the winding station disclosed in FIGS. 12 and 13 in that the yarn or strand is wound on the roving prior to receipt in the spindle, as more clearly shown in FIG. 23. The overwrap winder includes a hood or shroud 330 and a rotating holloww bobbin 332 located within the hood. The bobbin includes the overwrap yarn 334 and rims 336. The bobbin is preferably hollow as described above and the rims 336 may include fins as shown at 150 in FIG. 13. The bobbin is supported on a shaft or hub 338 which is connected to a motor by belt 342. The details of the winding station may therefore be the same as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 except as described.

The direction of travel of the conductive roving 309 has been reversed in FIG. 23. The roving enters the open end of the shroud 330 and the yarn is thrown in a balloon 334 to spirally wind on the conductive roving prior to entering the bobbin 332. By this method, the overwrap winding and tension may be more accurately controlled, making a tighter bundle and a rounder product. Also, the bobbin is self-cleaning. The speed of the line and rpm of the bobbin may also be increased, for example to 8,100 to 12,000 rpm, providing four to six turns per inch of conductive roving. Further, the tension is more uniform, which is particularly important in providing a roving having uniform resistance, as described above.

The remainder of the method may be the same as described above. The resistance of the conductive roving may be continuously monitored on a resistance monitoring station, such as shown at in FIG. 14, permitting the continuous adjustment of the resistance of the roving by controlling the temperature of the drums during the forming operation. Finally, the conductive roving may be coated with a semiconductive overcoat in the coating and curing station shown at 234 in FIGS. 18 and I9. The conductive roving formed by this method is shown in FIG. 24.

The conductor shown in FIG. 24 includes a conductive roving or core 352 comprising a bundle ofconductive strands of glass fibers. The strands are uniformly and tightly secured by two non-interlacing spiral windings 354 and the overwrap is covered with a semiconductive overcoat 356.

As described in the above referenced copending application for United States patent assigned to the Assignee herein, the overwrap includes two distinct winding layers. rather than a braid, which is easier to strip and provides more uniform spacing between the windings. The spacing is preferably controlled to between one-sixteenth to three sixteenth inches, measured between cross-over points, which, in combination with the semi-conductive overcoat, provides uniform conductance between the overcoat and the core.

The steps of the method of this invention may therefore be modified and combined to provide a continuous process for making an electrical conductor. Further, the method of this invention produces an electrical conductor having uniform resistance within relatively narrow limits. For example, an electrical conductor having a resistance of 4.000 t 500 ohms per foot may be formed by the method of this invention, which is particularly important in many applications ofthe elec trical conductor.

I claim:

1. In a method of making an electrical conductor wherein a plurality of glass filaments are coated with a thermally curable liquid dispersion of conductive particles, the resistance of the conductor being determined by the degree of curing of the filament coating, the steps of thermally curing said coated filament as a flat ribbon, spirally wrapping an additional non-coated glass element about said ribbon under tension to obtain a cylindrical conductor, continuously monitoring the resistance of said conductor, and varying the extent of curing of said filament coating in accordance with the monitored resistivity to maintain the resistance of the cylindrical conductor substantially constant.

2. In a method of making an electrical conductor wherein a roving comprised of a plurality of glass filaments is coated with a thermally curable liquid dispersion of conductive particles, the resistance of the conductor being determined by the degree of curing of the coating, the steps of wrapping the coated roving in a plurality of passes about a plurality of spaced curing rolls. tennsioning the roving sufficiently to flatten the roving into a ribbon-like configuration in good thermal contact with each of the curing rolls, heating the rolls to cure the thermally curable liquid dispersion, spirally wrapping an additional glass element about the ribbonlike roving after curing to obtain a cylindrical conductor, continuously monitoring the electrical resistance of said roving and controlling the degree of curing in response to the monitored resistance.

3. In a method of making an electrical conductor wherein a bundle of glass filaments are coated with a thermally curable liquid dispersion of conductive parti- 14 filament bundle coating substantially constant, coating the cylindrical conductor with a heat curable resinous overcoat containing conductive particles, and thermally curing the overcoat.

4. In a method as defined in claim 3 wherein the over coat is applied as a plurality of successive layers which are at least partially individually curved. 

1. In a method of making an electrical conductor wherein a plurality of glass filaments are coated with a thermally curable liquid dispersion of conductive particles, the resistance of the conductor being determined by the degree of curing of the filament coating, the steps of thermally curing said coated filament as a flat ribbon, spirally wrapping an additional non-coated glass element about said ribbon under tension to obtain a cylindrical conductor, continuously monitoring the resistance of said conductor, and varying the extent of curing of said filament coating in accordance with the monitored resistivity to maintain the resistance of the cylindrical conductor substantially constant.
 2. IN A METHOD OF MAKING AN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR WHEREIN A ROVING COMPRISED OF A PLURALITY OF GLASS FILMENTS IS COATED WITH A THERMALY CURABLE LIQUID DISPERSION OF CONDUCTIVE PARTICLES, THE RESISTANCE OF THE CONDUCTOR BEING DETERMINED BY THE DEGREE OF CURING OF THE COATING, THE STEPS OF WRAPPING THE COATED ROVING IN A PLURALITY, OF PASSES ABOUT A PLURALITY OF SPACED CURING ROLLS, TENNSIONING THE ROVING SUFFICIENTLY TO FLATTEN THE ROVING INTO A RIBBON-LIKE CONFIGURATION IN GOOD
 3. In a method of making an electrical conductor wherein a bundle of glass filaments are coated with a thermally curable liquid dispersion of conductive particles, the resistance of the conductor being determined by the degree of curing of the filament bundle coating, the steps of thermally curing the filament bundle as a flat ribbon, spirally wrapping a non-conductive glass element around said ribbon under tension to obtain a cylindrical conductor, continuously monitoring the resistance of the cylindrical conductor, varying the extent of curing of said coating in accordance with the monitored resistivity to maintain the resistance of the cured filament bundle coating substantially constant, coating the cylindrical conductor with a heat curable resinous overcoat containing conductive particles, and thermally curing the overcoat.
 4. In a method as defined in claim 3 wherein the overcoat is applied as a plurality of successive layers which are at least partially individually curved. 